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Pro-Kolin Enterogenic References

  1. Schmitz S, Suchodolski J. Understanding the canine intestinal microbiota and its modification by pro, pre and synbiotics – what is the evidence? Vet Med Sci 2016; 2(2): 71-94.
  2. EFSA Panel on Additives and Products or Substances used in Animal Feed (FEEDAP). Scientific opinion on the safety and efficacy of Oralin®(Enterococcus faecium) as a feed additive for calves for rearing, piglets, chickens for fattening, turkeys for fattening and dogs. EFSA J 2014; 12(6): 3727.
  3. EFSA Panel on Additives and Products or Substances used in Animal Feed (FEEDAP). Scientific opinion on the safety and efficacy of Oralin®(Enterococcus faecium) when used as a feed additive for cats. EFSA J 2014; 12(3): 3602.
  4. Sanders ME, Merenstein DJ, Reid G, Gibson GR, Rastall RA. Probiotics and prebiotics in intestinal health and disease: from biology to the clinic. Nat Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol 2019; 16(10): 605-16.
  5. Sherman PM, Ossa JC, Johnson Henry K. Unraveling mechanisms of action of probiotics. Nutr Clin Pract 2009; 24(1): 10-14.
  6. Schroeder BO. Fight them or feed them: how the intestinal mucus layer manages the gut microbiota. Gastroenterol Rep (Oxf) 2019; 7(1): 3-12.
  7. Wang X, Zhang P, Zhang X. Probiotics regulate gut microbiota: an effective method to improve immunity. Molecules 2021; 26(19): 6076.
  8. Tan J, McKenzie C, Potamitis M, Thorburn AN, Mackay CR, Macia L. The role of short-chain fatty acids in health and disease. Adv Immunol 2014; 121: 91-119.
  9. Jalanka J, Major G, Murray K, et al. The effect of psyllium husk on intestinal microbiota in constipated patients and healthy controls. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20(2): 433.
  10. Pagnini C, Saeed R, Bamias G, Arseneau KO, Pizarro TT, Cominelli F. Probiotics promote gut health through stimulation of epithelial innate immunity. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2010; 107(1): 454-459.
  11. Paone P, Cani PD. Mucus barrier, mucins and gut microbiota: the expected slimy partners? Gut 2020; 69(12): 2232-2243.
  12. Corcionivoschi N, Drinceanu D, Pop IM, et al. The effect of probiotics on animal health. Anim Sci Biotechnol 2010; 43(1): 35-41.
  13. Fooks LJ, Gibson GR. Probiotics as modulators of the gut flora. Br J Nutr 2002; 88(S1): s39-49.
  14. Markowiak-Kopec P, Slizewska K. The effect of probiotics on the production of short-chain fatty acids by human intestinal microbiome. Nutrients 2020; 12(4): 1107.
  15. Wang W, Cai H, Zhang A, et al. Enterococcus faecium modulates the gut microbiota of broilers and enhances phosphorus absorption and utilization. Animals 2020; 10(7): 1232
  16. Peng X, Wang R, Hu L, et al. Enterococcus faecium NCIMB 10415 administration improves the intestinal health and immunity in neonatal piglets infected by enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli K88. J Anim Sci Biotechnol 2019; 10: 72.
  17. Data on file – acid stability.
  18. Slavin J. Fiber and prebiotics: mechanisms and health benefits. Nutrients 2013; 5(4): 1417-35.
  19. Perini MP, Pedrinelli V, Marchi PH, et al. Potential effects of prebiotics on gastrointestinal and immunological modulation in the feeding of healthy dogs: a review. Fermentation 2023; 9(7): 693.
  20. Chen S, Martirosyan D. FOSHU-approved Fibersol®-2 product review. Bioact Compd Health Dis 2021; 4(5): 79-89.
  21. Flickinger EA, Wolf BW, Garleb KA, et al. Glucose-based oligosaccharides exhibit different in vitro fermentation patterns and affect in vivo apparent nutrient digestibility and microbial populations in dogs. J Nutr 2000; 130(5): 1267-73.
  22. ADM study pending publication.
  23. Paris S, Chapat L, Pasin M, et al. β-glucan-induced trained immunity in dogs. Front Immunol 2020; 11: 566893.
  24. Haladová E, Mojžišová J, Smrco P, et al. Immunomodulatory effect of glucan on specific and nonspecific immunity after vaccination in puppies. Acta Vet Hung 2011; 59(1): 77-86.
  25. Stuyven E, Verdonck F, Van Hoek I, et al. Oral administration of beta-1,3/1,6-glucan to dogs temporally changes total and antigen-specific IgA and IgM. Clin Vaccine Immunol 2010; 17(2): 281-285.
  26. Pawar MM, Pattanaik AK, Sinha DK, Goswami TK, Sharma K. Effect of dietary mannanoligosaccharide supplementation on nutrient digestibility, hindgut fermentation, immune response and antioxidant indices in dogs. J Anim Sci Technol 2017; 59: 1-7.
  27. Lin CY, Carroll MQ, Miller MJ, Rabot R, Swanson KS. Supplementation of yeast cell wall fraction tends to improve intestinal health in adult dogs undergoing an abrupt diet transition. Front Vet Sci 2020; 7: 597939.
  28. Newman KE, Newman MC. Evaluation of mannanoligosaccharide on the microflora and immunoglobulin status of sows and piglet performance. J Anim Sci 2001; 79: 189-191.
  29. Spring P, Wenk C, Connolly A, Kiers A. A review of 733 published trials on Bio-Mos®, a mannan oligosaccharide, and Actigen®, a second generation mannose rich fraction, on farm and companion animals. J Appl Anim Nutr 2015; 3: e8.
  30. Gouveia EM, Silva IS, Onselem VJ, Corrêa RA, Silva CJ. Use of mannanoligosacharides as an adjuvant treatment for gastrointestinal diseases and their effects on E. coli inactivated in dogs. Acta Cir Bras 2006; 21(4): 23-26.
  31. Stoll B. Intestinal uptake and metabolism of threonine: nutritional impact. Adv Pork Prod 2006; 17: 257-263.
  32. Data on file
  33. Benyacoub J, Czarnecki-Maulden GL, Cavadini C, et al. Supplementation of food with Enterococcus faecium (SF68) stimulates immune functions in young dogs. J Nutr 2003; 133(4): 1158-1162.
  34. Tang Q, Tan P, Ma N, Ma X. Physiological functions of threonine in animals: beyond nutrition metabolism. Nutrients 2021; 13(8): 2592.
  35. Toresson L, Steiner JM, Spodsberg E, et al. Effects of oral versus parenteral cobalamin supplementation on methylmalonic acid and homocysteine concentrations in dogs with chronic enteropathies and low cobalamin concentrations. Vet J 2019; 243: 8-14.
  36. Toresson L, Steiner JM, Suchodolski JS, Spillmann T. Oral cobalamin supplementation in dogs with chronic enteropathies and hypocobalaminemia. J Vet Int Med 2016; 30(1): 101-7.
  37. Toresson L, Steiner JM, Razdan P, et al. Comparison of efficacy of oral and parenteral cobalamin supplementation in normalising low cobalamin concentrations in dogs: a randomised controlled study. Vet J 2018; 232: 27-32.
  38. Toresson L, Steiner JM, Olmedal G, Larsen M, Suchodolski JS, Spillmann T. Oral cobalamin supplementation in cats with hypocobalaminaemia: a retrospective study. J Feline Med Surg 2017; 19(12): 1302-6.
  39. Chang CH, Lidbury JA, Suchodolski JS, Steiner JM. Effect of oral or injectable supplementation with cobalamin in dogs with hypocobalaminemia caused by chronic enteropathy or exocrine pancreatic insufficiency. J Vet Intern Med 2022; 36(5): 1607-21.
  40. Wong CW. Chapter 16: Vitamin B12 deficiency in the elderly. In: Watson RR, ed. Nutrition and Functional Foods for Healthy Aging. Academic Press, 2017: 159-166.
  41. Langan RC, Zawistoski KJ. Update on vitamin B12 deficiency. Am Fam Physician 2011; 83(12): 1425-30.
  42. Allen LH. Vitamin B-12. Adv Nutr 2012; 3(1): 54-5.
  43. Kather S, Grützner N, Kook PH, Dengler F, Heilmann RM. Review of cobalamin status and disorders of cobalamin metabolism in dogs. J Vet Int Med 2020; 34(1): 13-28.
  44. Reed MC, Nijhout HF, Sparks R, Ulrich CM. A mathematical model of the methionine cycle. J Theor Biol 2004; 226(1): 33-43.
  45. Haddad A, Mohiuddin SS. Biochemistry, citric acid cycle. [Updated May 1, 2023] In: StatPearls [Internet]. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK541072/ (accessed April 11, 2024)
  46. Siani G, Mercaldo B, Alterisio MC, Di Loria A. Vitamin B12 in cats: nutrition, metabolism, and disease. Animals (Basel) 2023; 13(9): 1474.
  47. Dor C, Nixon S, Salavati Schmitz S, et al. Efficacy and tolerance of oral versus parenteral cyanocobalamin supplement in hypocobalaminaemic dogs with chronic enteropathy: a controlled randomised open-label trial. J Small Anim Pract 2024; doi: 10.1111/jsap.13705. Epub ahead of print.
  48. Dubbelboer IR, Barmpatsalou V, Rodler A, et al. Gastrointestinal mucus in dog: physiological characteristics, composition, and structural properties. Eur J Pharm Biopharm 2022; 173: 92-102.
  49. Chen JK, Shen CR, Liu CL. N-acetylglucosamine: production and applications. Mar Drugs 2010; 8(9): 2493-2516.
  50. Salvatore S, Heuschkel R, Tomlin S, et al. A pilot study of N-acetyl glucosamine, a nutritional substrate for glycosaminoglycan synthesis, in paediatric chronic inflammatory bowel disease. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 2000; 14: 1567-79.
  51. Zhu A, Patel I, Hidalgo M, Gandhi V. N-acetylglucosamine for treatment of inflammatory bowel disease. Nat Med J 2015; 7: 04.
  52. Deters A, Petereit F, Schmidgall J, Hensel A. N-acetyl-D-glucosamine oligosaccharides induce mucin secretion from colonic tissue and induce differentiation of human keratinocytes. J Pharm Pharmacol 2008; 60(2): 197-204.
  53. Dehn J, MctNutt SR. Chapter 74. Volcanic materials in commerce and industry – 5.1 Bentonite. In: Sigurdsson H, Houghton B, McNutt S, Rymer H, Stix J, eds. The Encyclopedia of Volcanoes, second edition. San Diego: Elsevier, 2015: 1285-1294.
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  55. Jiang JQ, Zeng Z. Comparison of modified montmorillonite adsorbents: Part II: The effects of the type of raw clays and modification conditions on the adsorption performance. Chemosphere 2003; 53(1): 53-62.
  56. Sánchez-Martín MJ, Dorado MC, Del Hoyo C, Rodríguez-Cruz MS. Influence of clay mineral structure and surfactant nature on the adsorption capacity of surfactants by clays. J Haz Mater 2008; 150(1): 115-23.
  57. Ghadiri M, Chrzanowski W, Rohanizadeh R. Biomedical applications of cationic clay minerals. RSC Adv 2015; 5(37): 29467-81.
  58. Bhattacharyya KG, Gupta SS. Adsorption of a few heavy metals on natural and modified kaolinite and montmorillonite: a review. Adv Colloid Interface Sci 2008; 140(2): 114-31.