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PlaqEase References

Dental Care – Owner Booklet

  • Pavlica Z. Periodontal disease burden and pathological changes in organs of dogs. J Vet Dent 2008; 25: 97–105. 
  • Kim J, Amar S. Periodontal disease and systemic conditions: a bidirectional relationship. Odontology. (2006) 94:10–21. doi: 10.1007/s10266-006- 0060-6 
  •  Hajishengallis G. Periodontitis: from microbial immune subversion to systemic inflammation. Nat Rev Immunol. (2014) 15:30– 44. doi: 10.1038/nri3785  
  • Glickman LT, Glickman NW, Moore GE, et al. Evaluation of the risk of endocarditis and other cardiovascular events on the basis of the severity of periodontal disease in dogs. J Am Vet Med Assoc 2009; 234: 486–494 
  • Glickman LT. Association between chronic azotemic kidney disease and the severity of periodontal disease in dogs. Prev Vet Med 2011; 99: 193–200 
  • Trevejo RT, Lefebvre SL, Yang M, et al. Survival analysis to evaluate associations between periodontal disease and the risk of development of chronic azotemic kidney disease in cats evaluated at primary care veterinary hospitals. J Am Vet Med Assoc 2018; 252: 710–720. 
  • DeBowes LJ, Mosier D, Logan E, et al. Association of periodontal disease and histologic lesions in multiple organs from 45 dogs. J Vet Dent 1996; 13: 57–60. 
  • Li L, Zhang Y-L, Liu X-Y, et al. Periodontitis exacerbates and promotes the progression of chronic kidney disease through oral flora, cytokines, and oxidative stress. Front Microbiol 2021; 12. DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.656372. 
  • Rawlinson JE, Goldstein RE, Reiter AM, Attwater DZ, Harvey CE. Association of periodontal disease with systemic health indices in dogs and the systemic response to treatment of periodontal disease. J Am Vet Med Assoc. (2011) 238:601–9. doi: 10.2460/javma.238.5.601  
  • Peddle GD, Drobatz KJ, Harvey CE, Adams A, Sleeper MM. Association of periodontal disease, oral procedures, and other clinical findings with bacterial endocarditis in dogs. J Am Vet Med Assoc. (2009) 234:100– 7. doi: 10.2460/javma.234.1.100 
  • Santibáñez R, Rodríguez-Salas C, Flores-Yáñez C, Garrido D, Thomson P. Assessment of changes in the oral microbiome that occur in dogs with periodontal disease. Veterinary Sciences. 2021 Nov 27;8(12):291. 
  • Ruparell, A., Inui, T., Staunton, R., Wallis, C., Deusch, O., & Holcombe, L. J. (2020). The canine oral microbiome: variation in bacterial populations across different niches.?BMC Microbiology,?20(1), 42. 
  • Sturgeon, A., Stull, J. W., Costa, M. C., & Weese, J. S. (2013). Metagenomic analysis of the canine oral cavity as revealed by high-throughput pyrosequencing of the 16S rRNA gene.?Veterinary Microbiology,?162(2-4), 891-898. 
  • Niemiec BA, Gawor J, Tang S, Prem A, Krumbeck JA. The bacteriome of the oral cavity in healthy dogs and dogs with periodontal disease. American Journal of Veterinary Research. 2022 Jan 1;83(1):50-8. 
  • Dewhirst FE, Klein EA, Thompson EC, Blanton JM, Chen T, Milella L, Buckley CM, Davis IJ, Bennett ML, Marshall-Jones ZV. The canine oral microbiome. PloS one. 2012 Apr 27;7(4):e36067. 
  • Davis IJ, Wallis C, Deusch O, Colyer A, Milella L, Loman N, Harris S. A cross-sectional survey of bacterial species in plaque from client-owned dogs with healthy gingiva, gingivitis or mild periodontitis. PloS one. 2013 Dec 13;8(12):e83158. 
  • Summers, J. F., O’Neill, D. G., Church, D., et al. (2019) Health-related welfare prioritisation of canine disorders using electronic health records in primary care practice in the UK. BMC Veterinary Research 15, 163 
  • O’Neill, D. G., Blenkarn, A., Brodbelt, D. C., Church, D. B., & Freeman, A. (2023). Periodontal disease in cats under primary veterinary care in the UK: frequency and risk factors.?Journal of Feline Medicine and Surgery,?25(3), 1098612X231158154  
  • Niemiec, B., Gawor, J., Nemec, A., et al. (2020) World Small Animal Veterinary Association global dental guidelines. Journal of Small Animal Practice 61, E36- E161 
  • Wiggs, R. B. & Lobprise, H. B. (1997) Periodontology. In: Veterinary Dentistry, Principals and Practice. Lippincott – Raven, Philadelphia, PA, USA. pp 186-231 
  • Queck, K. E., Chapman, A., Herzog, L. J., et al. (2018) Oral-fluid thiol-detection test identifies underlying active periodontal disease not detected by the visual awake examination. Journal of the American Animal  Hospital Association 54, 132-137 
  • Hamp, S. E., Olsson, S. E., Farsø?Madsen, K., Viklands, P., & Fornell, J. (1984). A macroscopic and radiologic investigation of dental diseases of the dog.?Veterinary Radiology,?25(2), 86-92. 
  • Enlund, K. B., Brunius, C., Hanson, J., Hagman, R., Höglund, O. V., Gustås, P., & Pettersson, A. (2020). Dog owners’ perspectives on canine dental health—a questionnaire study in Sweden.?Frontiers in Veterinary Science,?7, 298. 
  • Kortegaard HE, Eriksen T, Baelum V. Periodontal disease in research beagle dogs–an epidemiological study.J Small Anim Pract. (2008) 49:610– 16. doi: 10.1111/j.1748-5827.2008.00609.x  
  • Fernandes NA, Borges APB, Reis ECC, Sepúlveda RV, Pontes KCDS. Prevalence of periodontal disease in dogs and owners’ level of awareness – a prospective clinical trial. Revista Ceres. (2012) 59:446–51. doi: 10.1590/S0034-737X2012000400003 
  • Stella JL, Bauer AE, Croney CC. A cross-sectional study to estimate prevalence of periodontal disease in a population of dogs (Canis familiaris) in commercial breeding facilities in Indiana and Illinois. PLoS ONE. (2018) 13:e0191395. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0191395 
  • Lund, E. M., Armstrong, P. J., Kirk, C. A., et al. (1999) Health status and population characteristics of dogs and cats examined at private veterinary practices in the United States. Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association 214, 1336-1341 
  • O’Neill, D. G., Church, D. B., McGreevy, P. D., et al. (2014) Prevalence of disorders recorded in dogs attending primary-care veterinary practices in England. PLoS One 9, 1-16 
  • O’Neill DG, Church DB, McGreevy PD, et al. Prevalence of disorders recorded in cats attending primary-care veterinary practices in England. Vet J 2014; 202: 286–291. 
  • Robinson, N. J., Brennan, M. L., Cobb, M., et al. (2016) Investigating preventive medicine consultations in first-opinion small-animal practice in the United Kingdom using direct observation. 
  • O’Neill, D. G., Mitchell, C. E., Humphrey, J., Church, D. B., Brodbelt, D. C., & Pegram, C. (2021). Epidemiology of periodontal disease in dogs in the UK primary?care veterinary setting.?Journal of Small Animal Practice,?62(12), 1051-1061. 
  • Florit, A., Rago, L., Rosier, B. T., García, G., Guzelkhanova, B., Rubio Martínez-Abarca, M. T., Lamelas, A., Enrique, M., & Rojas, A. M. (2024). New postbiotic to improve canine oral health [Abstract]. Proceedings of the 14th European Oral Microbiology Workshop, Valencia, Spain. 
  • Florit-Ruiz, A., Rago, L., Rojas, A., Guzelkhanova, B., Pont-Beltran, A., Lamelas, A., Solaz-Fuster, M. C., Martinez-Blanch, J. F., López, M. E., García-Lainez, G., Rosier, B. T., Day, R., Rubio, T., Batchelor, R., & Nixon, S. L. (2025). Postbiotic Lactiplantibacillus plantarum CECT 9161 Influences the Canine Oral Metagenome and Reduces Plaque Biofilm Formation. Animals, 15(11), 1615.
  • Paris S, Chapat L, Pasin M, et al. β-glucan-induced trained immunity in dogs. Front Immunol 2020; 11: 566893.  
  • Pawar MM, Pattanaik AK, Sinha DK, Goswami TK, Sharma K. Effect of dietary mannanoligosaccharide supplementation on nutrient digestibility, hindgut fermentation, immune response and antioxidant indices in dogs. J Anim Sci Technol 2017; 59: 1-7. 
  • Lin CY, Carroll MQ, Miller MJ, Rabot R, Swanson KS. Supplementation of yeast cell wall fraction tends to improve intestinal health in adult dogs undergoing an abrupt diet transition. Front Vet Sci 2020; 7: 597939. 
  • Haladová E, Mojžišová J, Smr?o P, et al. Immunomodulatory effect of glucan on specific and nonspecific immunity after vaccination in puppies. Acta Vet Hung 2011; 59(1): 77-86. 
  • Stuyven E, Verdonck F, Van Hoek I, et al. Oral administration of beta-1,3/1,6-glucan to dogs temporally changes total and antigen-specific IgA and IgM. Clin Vaccine Immunol 2010; 17(2): 281-285. 
  • Oguey C, Peisker M. CitriStim, a novel ingredient based on Pichia guilliermondii yeast. Feed Compounder 2020; 26-7. 
  • Chacher MFA, Kamran Z, Ahsan U, et al. Use of mannan oligosaccharide in broiler diets: an overview of underlying mechanisms. World’s Poult Sci J 2017; 73(4): 831-44. 
  • Newman KE, Newman MC. Evaluation of mannanoligosaccharide on the microflora and immunoglobulin status of sows and piglet performance. J Anim Sci 2001; 79: 189-191. 
  • Spring P, Wenk C, Connolly A, Kiers A. A review of 733 published trials on Bio-Mos®, a mannan oligosaccharide, and Actigen®, a second generation mannose-rich fraction, on farm and companion animals. J Appl Anim Nutr 2015; 3: e8. 
  • Borowsky L, Corção G, Cardoso M. Mannanoligosaccharide agglutination by Salmonella enterica strains isolated from carrier pigs. Braz J Microbiol 2009; 40: 458-64. 
  • Gouveia EM, Silva IS, Onselem VJ, Corrêa RA, Silva CJ. Use of mannanoligosacharides as an adjuvant treatment for gastrointestinal diseases and their effects on E. coli inactivated in dogs. Acta Cir Bras 2006; 21(4): 23-6. 
  • Data on file: CitriStim | ADM Animal Nutrition – Best feed ingredients | livestock | pet food | aquaculture 
  • Flickinger EA, Wolf BW, Garleb KA, et al. Glucose-based oligosaccharides exhibit different in vitro fermentation patterns and affect in vivo apparent nutrient digestibility and microbial populations in dogs. J Nutr 2000; 130(5): 1267-73. 
  • Gawor, J., Jank, M., Jodkowska, K., Klim, E., & Svensson, U. K. (2018). Effects of edible treats containing Ascophyllum nodosum on the oral health of dogs: A double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled single-center study.?Frontiers in Veterinary Science,?5, 168. 
  • Wikner S, Bonello D, Miolo A. Effects of?Ascophyllum nodosum?on halitosis, plaque and gingivitis. A controlled clinical trial in dogs. In:?Proceedings of the 19th European Congress of Veterinary Dentistry, Nice, (2010). p.132–134. 
  • Gawor J, Jodkowska K, Jank M. Effects of?Ascophyllum nodosum?contained in supplement on oral health index in dogs and cats.?Weterynaria w Praktyce?(2013) 10:74–79. 
  • Gawor, J. P., Wilczak, J., Svensson, U. K., & Jank, M. (2021). Influence of Dietary Supplementation with a Powder Containing AN ProDen™(Ascophyllum nodosum) Algae on Dog Saliva Metabolome.?Frontiers in Veterinary Science,?8, 681951. 
  • Gawor, J.; Jank, M. Ascophyllum nodosum as a nutrient supporting oral health in dogs and cats: a review.?Polish Journal of Veterinary Sciences, 2023, S. 511–520-511–520. 
  • van Dijken J, Koistinen S, Ramberg P. A. randomized controlled clinical study of the effect of daily intake of Ascophyllum nodosum alga on calculus, plaque, and gingivitis. Clin Oral Investig (2015) 9:1507–18. 
  • Zhang W, Du JY, Jiang Z, Okimura T, Oda T, You Q, Jin JO. Ascophyllan purified from Ascophyllum nodosum induces Th1 and Tc1 immune responses by promoting dendritic cell maturation. Mar Drugs (2014) 12:4148–64.  
  • Nakayasu S, Soegima R, Yamaguchi K, Oda T. Biological activities of fucose-containing polysaccharide ascophyllan isolated from the brown alga Ascophyllum nodosum. Biosci. Biotechnol. Biochem. (2009) 73, 961–4.  
  • Jiang Z, Okimura T, Yamaguchi K, Oda T. The potent activity of sulphated polysaccharide, ascophyllan, isolated from Ascophyllum nodosum to induce nitric oxide and cytokine production from mouse macrophage RAW264.7 cells: comparison between ascophyllan and fucoidan. Nitric Oxide (2011) 25:407–15.  
  • Nakano K, Kim D, Jiang Z, Ueno M, Okimura T, Yamaguchi K, Oda T. Immunostimulatory activities of the sulphated polysaccharide ascophyllan from Ascophyllum nodosum in in vivo and in vitro systems. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem. (2012) 76:1573–76.  
  • Godfrey SJ. A Breath of Fresh Air. Oral care support from vitamin action. Pet Food Supplement. 2013(15):8-11. 
  • Van der Velden U. (2020). Vitamin C and Its Role in Periodontal Diseases – The Past and the Present: A Narrative Review.?Oral Health & Preventive Dentistry,?18(2), 115–124. https://doi.org/10.3290/j.ohpd.a44306 
  • Hesta M, Ottermans C, Krammer-Lukas S, et al. The effect of vitamin C supplementation in healthy dogs on antioxidative capacity and immune parameters. J Anim Physiol Anim Nutr (Berl). 2009;93(1):26-34. doi:10.1111/j.1439-0396.2007.00774.x. 
  • Home Tester Club: From a survey of 102 dog owners 

Infographic

  1. Davis IJ, Wallis C, Deusch O, Colyer A, Milella L, Loman N, Harris S. A cross-sectional survey of bacterial species in plaque from client-owned dogs with healthy gingiva, gingivitis or mild periodontitis. PloS one. 2013 Dec 13;8(12):e83158. 
  2. Summers, J. F., O’Neill, D. G., Church, D., et al. (2019) Health-related welfare prioritisation of canine disorders using electronic health records in primary care practice in the UK. BMC Veterinary Research 15, 163 
  3. O’Neill, D. G., Blenkarn, A., Brodbelt, D. C., Church, D. B., & Freeman, A. (2023). Periodontal disease in cats under primary veterinary care in the UK: frequency and risk factors.?Journal of Feline Medicine and Surgery,?25(3), 1098612X231158154  
  4. Niemiec, B., Gawor, J., Nemec, A., et al. (2020) World Small Animal Veterinary Association global dental guidelines. Journal of Small Animal Practice 61, E36- E161 
  5. Wiggs, R. B. & Lobprise, H. B. (1997) Periodontology. In: Veterinary Dentistry, Principals and Practice. Lippincott – Raven, Philadelphia, PA, USA. pp 186-231 
  6. Queck, K. E., Chapman, A., Herzog, L. J., et al. (2018) Oral-fluid thiol-detection test identifies underlying active periodontal disease not detected by the visual awake examination. Journal of the American Animal  Hospital Association 54, 132-137 
  7. Hamp, S. E., Olsson, S. E., Farsø?Madsen, K., Viklands, P., & Fornell, J. (1984). A macroscopic and radiologic investigation of dental diseases of the dog.?Veterinary Radiology,?25(2), 86-92. 
  8. Enlund, K. B., Brunius, C., Hanson, J., Hagman, R., Höglund, O. V., Gustås, P., & Pettersson, A. (2020). Dog owners’ perspectives on canine dental health—a questionnaire study in Sweden.?Frontiers in Veterinary Science,?7, 298. 
  9. Kortegaard HE, Eriksen T, Baelum V. Periodontal disease in research beagle dogs–an epidemiological study. J Small Anim Pract. (2008) 49:610– 16. doi: 10.1111/j.1748-5827.2008.00609.x  
  10. Fernandes NA, Borges APB, Reis ECC, Sepúlveda RV, Pontes KCDS. Prevalence of periodontal disease in dogs and owners’ level of awareness – a prospective clinical trial. Revista Ceres. (2012) 59:446–51. doi: 10.1590/S0034-737X2012000400003 
  11. Stella JL, Bauer AE, Croney CC. A cross-sectional study to estimate prevalence of periodontal disease in a population of dogs (Canis familiaris) in commercial breeding facilities in Indiana and Illinois. PLoS ONE. (2018) 13:e0191395. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0191395 
  12. Lund, E. M., Armstrong, P. J., Kirk, C. A., et al. (1999) Health status and population characteristics of dogs and cats examined at private veterinary practices in the United States. Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association 214, 1336-1341 
  13. O’Neill, D. G., Church, D. B., McGreevy, P. D., et al. (2014) Prevalence of disorders recorded in dogs attending primary-care veterinary practices in England. PLoS One 9, 1-16 
  14. O’Neill DG, Church DB, McGreevy PD, et al. Prevalence of disorders recorded in cats attending primary-care veterinary practices in England. Vet J 2014; 202: 286–291. 
  15. Robinson, N. J., Brennan, M. L., Cobb, M., et al. (2016) Investigating preventive medicine consultations in first-opinion small-animal practice in the United Kingdom using direct observation. 
  16. Harvey C, Serfilippi L, Barnvos D. Effect of frequency of brushing teeth on plaque and calculus accumulation, and gingivitis in dogs. J Vet Dent. (2015) 32:16–21.  
  17. Tromp JAH, Jansen J, Pilot T. Gingival health and frequency of tooth brushing in the Beagle dog model. J Clin Periodontol. (1986) 13:164– 8. doi: 10.1111/j.1600-051X.1986.tb01451.x  
  18. Tromp JAH, van Rijn LJ, Jansen J. Experimental gingivitis and frequency of tooth brushing in the Beagle dog model. J Clin Periodontol. (1986) 13:190– 94. doi: 10.1111/j.1600-051X.1986.tb01458.x  
  19. Gorrel C. Home care: products and techniques. Clin Tech Small Anim Pract. (2000) 15:226–31. doi: 10.1053/svms.2000.21625  
  20. Gorrel C, Rawlings JM. The role of tooth-brushing and diet in the maintenance of periodontal health in dogs. J Vet Dent. (1996) 13:139– 43. doi: 10.1177/089875649601300405 
  21. https://bark.co/blogs/press/new-study-nearly-70-of-dog-parents-have-never-brushed-their-dogs-teeth?srsltid=AfmBOooKtXrA4n3raABZUPnK2osFDRhCAVXCRj9wkmQuJR62BJ0aZBrI 
  22. https://www.ipsos.com/en-ca/news-polls/most-95-pet-owners-brush-their-own-teeth-daily-few-brush-their-dogs-8-or-cats-4-teeth-daily-basis 
  23. Home Tester Club: From a survey of 102 dog owners 

Vet Leaflet

  1. https://bark.co/blogs/press/new-study-nearly-70-of-dog-parents-have-never-brushed-their-dogs-teeth?srsltid=AfmBOooKtXrA4n3raABZUPnK2osFDRhCAVXCRj9wkmQuJR62BJ0aZBrI
  2. https://www.ipsos.com/en-ca/news-polls/most-95-pet-owners-brush-their-own-teeth-daily-few-brush-their-dogs-8-or-cats-4-teeth-daily-basis
  3. Enlund, K. B., Brunius, C., Hanson, J., Hagman, R., Höglund, O. V., Gustås, P., & Pettersson, A. (2020). Dog owners’ perspectives on canine dental health—a questionnaire study in Sweden.?Frontiers in Veterinary Science,?7, 298.
  4. Pavlica Z. Periodontal disease burden and pathological changes in organs of dogs. J Vet Dent 2008; 25: 97–105.
  5. Kim J, Amar S. Periodontal disease and systemic conditions: a bidirectional relationship. Odontology. (2006) 94:10–21. doi: 10.1007/s10266-006- 0060-6
  6. Hajishengallis G. Periodontitis: from microbial immune subversion to systemic inflammation. Nat Rev Immunol. (2014) 15:30– 44. doi: 10.1038/nri3785 
  7. Glickman LT, Glickman NW, Moore GE, et al. Evaluation of the risk of endocarditis and other cardiovascular events on the basis of the severity of periodontal disease in dogs. J Am Vet Med Assoc 2009; 234: 486–494
  8. Glickman LT. Association between chronic azotemic kidney disease and the severity of periodontal disease in dogs. Prev Vet Med 2011; 99: 193–200
  9. Trevejo RT, Lefebvre SL, Yang M, et al. Survival analysis to evaluate associations between periodontal disease and the risk of development of chronic azotemic kidney disease in cats evaluated at primary care veterinary hospitals. J Am Vet Med Assoc 2018; 252: 710–720.
  10. DeBowes LJ, Mosier D, Logan E, et al. Association of periodontal disease and histologic lesions in multiple organs from 45 dogs. J Vet Dent 1996; 13: 57–60.
  11. Li L, Zhang Y-L, Liu X-Y, et al. Periodontitis exacerbates and promotes the progression of chronic kidney disease through oral flora, cytokines, and oxidative stress. Front Microbiol 2021; 12. DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.656372.
  12. Rawlinson JE, Goldstein RE, Reiter AM, Attwater DZ, Harvey CE. Association of periodontal disease with systemic health indices in dogs and the systemic response to treatment of periodontal disease. J Am Vet Med Assoc. (2011) 238:601–9. doi: 10.2460/javma.238.5.601 
  13. Peddle GD, Drobatz KJ, Harvey CE, Adams A, Sleeper MM. Association of periodontal disease, oral procedures, and other clinical findings with bacterial endocarditis in dogs. J Am Vet Med Assoc. (2009) 234:100– 7. doi: 10.2460/javma.234.1.100
  14. Florit, A., Rago, L., Rosier, B. T., García, G., Guzelkhanova, B., Rubio Martínez-Abarca, M. T., Lamelas, A., Enrique, M., & Rojas, A. M. (2024). New postbiotic to improve canine oral health [Abstract]. Proceedings of the 14th European Oral Microbiology Workshop, Valencia, Spain.
  15. Florit-Ruiz, A., Rago, L., Rojas, A., Guzelkhanova, B., Pont-Beltran, A., Lamelas, A., Solaz-Fuster, M. C., Martinez-Blanch, J. F., López, M. E., García-Lainez, G., Rosier, B. T., Day, R., Rubio, T., Batchelor, R., & Nixon, S. L. (2025). Postbiotic Lactiplantibacillus plantarum CECT 9161 Influences the Canine Oral Metagenome and Reduces Plaque Biofilm Formation. Animals, 15(11), 1615.
  16. Paris S, Chapat L, Pasin M, et al. β-glucan-induced trained immunity in dogs. Front Immunol 2020; 11: 566893. 
  17. Pawar MM, Pattanaik AK, Sinha DK, Goswami TK, Sharma K. Effect of dietary mannanoligosaccharide supplementation on nutrient digestibility, hindgut fermentation, immune response and antioxidant indices in dogs. J Anim Sci Technol 2017; 59: 1-7.
  18. Lin CY, Carroll MQ, Miller MJ, Rabot R, Swanson KS. Supplementation of yeast cell wall fraction tends to improve intestinal health in adult dogs undergoing an abrupt diet transition. Front Vet Sci 2020; 7: 597939.
  19. Haladová E, Mojžišová J, Smr?o P, et al. Immunomodulatory effect of glucan on specific and nonspecific immunity after vaccination in puppies. Acta Vet Hung 2011; 59(1): 77-86.
  20. Stuyven E, Verdonck F, Van Hoek I, et al. Oral administration of beta-1,3/1,6-glucan to dogs temporally changes total and antigen-specific IgA and IgM. Clin Vaccine Immunol 2010; 17(2): 281-285.
  21. Oguey C, Peisker M. CitriStim, a novel ingredient based on Pichia guilliermondii yeast. Feed Compounder 2020; 26-7.
  22. Chacher MFA, Kamran Z, Ahsan U, et al. Use of mannan oligosaccharide in broiler diets: an overview of underlying mechanisms. World’s Poult Sci J 2017; 73(4): 831-44.
  23. Newman KE, Newman MC. Evaluation of mannanoligosaccharide on the microflora and immunoglobulin status of sows and piglet performance. J Anim Sci 2001; 79: 189-191.
  24. Spring P, Wenk C, Connolly A, Kiers A. A review of 733 published trials on Bio-Mos®, a mannan oligosaccharide, and Actigen®, a second generation mannose-rich fraction, on farm and companion animals. J Appl Anim Nutr 2015; 3: e8.
  25. Borowsky L, Corção G, Cardoso M. Mannanoligosaccharide agglutination by Salmonella enterica strains isolated from carrier pigs. Braz J Microbiol 2009; 40: 458-64.
  26. Gouveia EM, Silva IS, Onselem VJ, Corrêa RA, Silva CJ. Use of mannanoligosacharides as an adjuvant treatment for gastrointestinal diseases and their effects on E. coli inactivated in dogs. Acta Cir Bras 2006; 21(4): 23-6.
  27. Data on file: CitriStim | ADM Animal Nutrition – Best feed ingredients | livestock | pet food | aquaculture
  28. Flickinger EA, Wolf BW, Garleb KA, et al. Glucose-based oligosaccharides exhibit different in vitro fermentation patterns and affect in vivo apparent nutrient digestibility and microbial populations in dogs. J Nutr 2000; 130(5): 1267-73.
  29. Gawor, J., Jank, M., Jodkowska, K., Klim, E., & Svensson, U. K. (2018). Effects of edible treats containing Ascophyllum nodosum on the oral health of dogs: A double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled single-center study.?Frontiers in Veterinary Science,?5, 168.
  30. Wikner S, Bonello D, Miolo A. Effects of?Ascophyllum nodosum?on halitosis, plaque and gingivitis. A controlled clinical trial in dogs. In:?Proceedings of the 19th European Congress of Veterinary Dentistry, Nice, (2010). p.132–134.
  31. Gawor J, Jodkowska K, Jank M. Effects of?Ascophyllum nodosum?contained in supplement on oral health index in dogs and cats.?Weterynaria w Praktyce?(2013) 10:74–79.
  32. Gawor, J. P., Wilczak, J., Svensson, U. K., & Jank, M. (2021). Influence of Dietary Supplementation with a Powder Containing AN ProDen™(Ascophyllum nodosum) Algae on Dog Saliva Metabolome.?Frontiers in Veterinary Science,?8, 681951.
  33. Gawor, J.; Jank, M. Ascophyllum nodosum as a nutrient supporting oral health in dogs and cats: a review.?Polish Journal of Veterinary Sciences, 2023, S. 511–520-511–520.
  34. van Dijken J, Koistinen S, Ramberg P. A. randomized controlled clinical study of the effect of daily intake of Ascophyllum nodosum alga on calculus, plaque, and gingivitis. Clin Oral Investig (2015) 9:1507–18.
  35. Zhang W, Du JY, Jiang Z, Okimura T, Oda T, You Q, Jin JO. Ascophyllan purified from Ascophyllum nodosum induces Th1 and Tc1 immune responses by promoting dendritic cell maturation. Mar Drugs (2014) 12:4148–64. 
  36. Nakayasu S, Soegima R, Yamaguchi K, Oda T. Biological activities of fucose-containing polysaccharide ascophyllan isolated from the brown alga Ascophyllum nodosum. Biosci. Biotechnol. Biochem. (2009) 73, 961–4. 
  37. Jiang Z, Okimura T, Yamaguchi K, Oda T. The potent activity of sulfated polysaccharide, ascophyllan, isolated from Ascophyllum nodosum to induce nitric oxide and cytokine production from mouse macrophage RAW264.7 cells: comparison between ascophyllan and fucoidan. Nitric Oxide (2011) 25:407–15. 
  38. Nakano K, Kim D, Jiang Z, Ueno M, Okimura T, Yamaguchi K, Oda T. Immunostimulatory activities of the sulfated polysaccharide ascophyllan from Ascophyllum nodosum in in vivo and in vitro systems. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem. (2012) 76:1573–76. 
  39. Godfrey SJ. A Breath of Fresh Air. Oral care support from vitamin action. Pet Food Supplement. 2013(15):8-11.
  40. Van der Velden U. (2020). Vitamin C and Its Role in Periodontal Diseases – The Past and the Present: A Narrative Review.?Oral Health & Preventive Dentistry,?18(2), 115–124. https://doi.org/10.3290/j.ohpd.a44306
  41. Hesta M, Ottermans C, Krammer-Lukas S, et al. The effect of vitamin C supplementation in healthy dogs on antioxidative capacity and immune parameters. J Anim Physiol Anim Nutr (Berl). 2009;93(1):26-34. doi:10.1111/j.1439-0396.2007.00774.x.
  42. Home Tester Club: From a survey of 102 dog owners

Detailer

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  3. Queck, K. E., Chapman, A., Herzog, L. J., et al. (2018) Oral-fluid thiol-detection test identifies underlying active periodontal disease not detected by the visual awake examination. Journal of the American Animal  Hospital Association 54, 132-137
  4. Hamp, S. E., Olsson, S. E., Farsø?Madsen, K., Viklands, P., & Fornell, J. (1984). A macroscopic and radiologic investigation of dental diseases of the dog. Veterinary Radiology, 25(2), 86-92.
  5. Enlund, K. B., Brunius, C., Hanson, J., Hagman, R., Höglund, O. V., Gustås, P., & Pettersson, A. (2020). Dog owners’ perspectives on canine dental health—a questionnaire study in Sweden. Frontiers in Veterinary Science, 7, 298.
  6. Kortegaard HE, Eriksen T, Baelum V. Periodontal disease in research beagle dogs–an epidemiological study. J Small Anim Pract. (2008) 49:610– 16. doi: 10.1111/j.1748-5827.2008.00609.x
  7. Fernandes NA, Borges APB, Reis ECC, Sepúlveda RV, Pontes KCDS. Prevalence of periodontal disease in dogs and owners’ level of awareness – a prospective clinical trial. Revista Ceres. (2012) 59:446–51. doi: 10.1590/S0034-737X2012000400003
  8. Stella JL, Bauer AE, Croney CC. A cross-sectional study to estimate prevalence of periodontal disease in a population of dogs (Canis familiaris) in commercial breeding facilities in Indiana and Illinois. PLoS ONE. (2018) 13:e0191395. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0191395
  9. Lund, E. M., Armstrong, P. J., Kirk, C. A., et al. (1999) Health status and population characteristics of dogs and cats examined at private veterinary practices in the United States. Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association 214, 1336-1341
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  85. Home Tester Club: From a survey of 102 dog owners

Animation

  1. Niemiec, B., Gawor, J., Nemec, A., et al. (2020) World Small Animal Veterinary Association global dental guidelines. Journal of Small Animal Practice 61, E36- E161
  2. Wiggs, R. B. & Lobprise, H. B. (1997) Periodontology. In: Veterinary Dentistry, Principals and Practice. Lippincott – Raven, Philadelphia, PA, USA. pp 186-231
  3. Queck, K. E., Chapman, A., Herzog, L. J., et al. (2018) Oral-fluid thiol-detection test identifies underlying active periodontal disease not detected by the visual awake examination. Journal of the American Animal  Hospital Association 54, 132-137
  4. Hamp, S. E., Olsson, S. E., Farsø?Madsen, K., Viklands, P., & Fornell, J. (1984). A macroscopic and radiologic investigation of dental diseases of the dog. Veterinary Radiology, 25(2), 86-92.
  5. Enlund, K. B., Brunius, C., Hanson, J., Hagman, R., Höglund, O. V., Gustås, P., & Pettersson, A. (2020). Dog owners’ perspectives on canine dental health—a questionnaire study in Sweden. Frontiers in Veterinary Science, 7, 298.
  6. Kortegaard HE, Eriksen T, Baelum V. Periodontal disease in research beagle dogs–an epidemiological study. J Small Anim Pract. (2008) 49:610– 16. doi: 10.1111/j.1748-5827.2008.00609.x
  7. Fernandes NA, Borges APB, Reis ECC, Sepúlveda RV, Pontes KCDS. Prevalence of periodontal disease in dogs and owners’ level of awareness – a prospective clinical trial. Revista Ceres. (2012) 59:446–51. doi: 10.1590/S0034-737X2012000400003
  8. Stella JL, Bauer AE, Croney CC. A cross-sectional study to estimate prevalence of periodontal disease in a population of dogs (Canis familiaris) in commercial breeding facilities in Indiana and Illinois. PLoS ONE. (2018) 13:e0191395. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0191395
  9. Lund, E. M., Armstrong, P. J., Kirk, C. A., et al. (1999) Health status and population characteristics of dogs and cats examined at private veterinary practices in the United States. Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association 214, 1336-1341
  10. O’Neill, D. G., Church, D. B., McGreevy, P. D., et al. (2014) Prevalence of disorders recorded in dogs attending primary-care veterinary practices in England. PLoS One 9, 1-16
  11. O’Neill DG, Church DB, McGreevy PD, et al. Prevalence of disorders recorded in cats attending primary-care veterinary practices in England. Vet J 2014; 202: 286–291.
  12. Robinson, N. J., Brennan, M. L., Cobb, M., et al. (2016) Investigating preventive medicine consultations in first-opinion small-animal practice in the United Kingdom using direct observation.
  13. Hom e Tester Club: From a survey of 102 dog owners

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